WEBVTT 00:00:00.033 --> 00:00:05.205 Alright, so now kind of, like I said we are going to be taking about families 00:00:05.238 --> 00:00:07.607 but let’s step back for a second. 00:00:07.640 --> 00:00:13.179 We are talking about marriage and families from the Nara until the Heian period, right? 00:00:13.313 --> 00:00:16.649 So before the seventh century, 00:00:16.716 --> 00:00:19.786 both your mother and father’s family are important, right? 00:00:19.819 --> 00:00:21.254 And records are kept. 00:00:21.287 --> 00:00:22.489 When I say records, 00:00:22.756 --> 00:00:26.793 it is not a written down record, I mean you would say it, 00:00:27.260 --> 00:00:31.331 you would tell somebody who was your grandfather? This is my grandfather. 00:00:31.531 --> 00:00:34.734 The records, internal memory records, 00:00:34.834 --> 00:00:37.604 were for both your mother’s and father’s side 00:00:37.637 --> 00:00:39.873 back three or four generations, right? 00:00:40.807 --> 00:00:44.310 But now here is the question, who is married? 00:00:44.411 --> 00:00:47.113 There is no marriage ceremony. 00:00:47.180 --> 00:00:54.254 There is no, like set, okay this is married, 00:00:54.320 --> 00:00:57.457 like in America we have a white dress, 00:00:57.490 --> 00:01:01.061 we have the words ‘I do’ ‘You do’, and we are done. 00:01:01.394 --> 00:01:03.563 We even have pieces of paper, right? 00:01:03.596 --> 00:01:06.666 I sign, you sign, we are married ‘poof’. 00:01:06.833 --> 00:01:11.404 But there is no piece of paper, there is no ceremony. 00:01:11.438 --> 00:01:16.109 People just decided to be together or not, 00:01:16.209 --> 00:01:18.778 and even where they lived, 00:01:18.812 --> 00:01:22.816 like for example, in America most of the time when you get married, 00:01:23.016 --> 00:01:27.654 the husband and wife go and start a new house. 00:01:27.721 --> 00:01:29.055 We buy a house together 00:01:29.122 --> 00:01:32.559 or maybe she moves in with him or he moves in with her, 00:01:32.592 --> 00:01:34.728 but usually they go someplace new, right? 00:01:34.761 --> 00:01:40.000 You don’t usually stay with their mother’s family or with the father’s family, right? 00:01:40.166 --> 00:01:45.605 But in the Nara period, things were just totally racky. 00:01:45.672 --> 00:01:48.274 Where you lived was totally up to you. 00:01:48.475 --> 00:01:52.512 Some couples, they did not even live together. 00:01:52.579 --> 00:01:54.180 They would just visit each other. 00:01:54.280 --> 00:01:57.050 They would stay with their families and they would just visit. 00:01:57.150 --> 00:02:00.420 Some women would go visit 00:02:00.587 --> 00:02:06.493 their husband - husband and wife was not really a thing back then, 00:02:06.559 --> 00:02:09.295 even the words were not really a thing. 00:02:09.396 --> 00:02:15.035 So, some women would go stay with their husband-like person. 00:02:15.135 --> 00:02:18.338 Some husband-like people would go stay with their wife-like people, 00:02:18.571 --> 00:02:22.709 but when you are reading the Manyoshu and it says husband or wife, 00:02:22.809 --> 00:02:24.344 I am not really sure. 00:02:24.411 --> 00:02:28.248 So now, we have got China, 00:02:28.314 --> 00:02:31.618 we have got Chinese words, we have got Chinese writing, 00:02:31.685 --> 00:02:34.821 and it is influencing the society. 00:02:34.954 --> 00:02:39.192 How we talk about things influences how we think about things. 00:02:39.259 --> 00:02:41.094 So after 645, 00:02:41.728 --> 00:02:46.066 the Taika Reform says that children born between free subjects 00:02:46.266 --> 00:02:47.801 meaning not slaves, 00:02:47.867 --> 00:02:52.539 but between free subjects, belong to their father’s lineage. 00:02:52.572 --> 00:02:57.577 That means that I belong to my father’s family, not my mother’s. 00:02:57.677 --> 00:03:00.380 Does not matter who had more power, 00:03:00.447 --> 00:03:04.451 does not matter who, you know, owned more stuff, 00:03:04.651 --> 00:03:07.387 I belong to my father’s family, right? 00:03:07.520 --> 00:03:10.957 So now that we have got this new system happening, 00:03:11.024 --> 00:03:13.393 a lot of people who previously, 00:03:13.526 --> 00:03:17.263 when they did have records, starting to do written records, 00:03:17.364 --> 00:03:20.934 they had previously written down they were part of the mother’s family. 00:03:21.001 --> 00:03:23.403 They actually had to apply, 00:03:23.503 --> 00:03:25.739 to have their records switched 00:03:25.939 --> 00:03:28.942 and go from the mother’s family to their father’s family. 00:03:29.909 --> 00:03:32.612 After the ninth century, 00:03:32.779 --> 00:03:36.316 the lineage records that were submitted to the court 00:03:36.416 --> 00:03:41.688 no longer contained female names at all. 00:03:42.088 --> 00:03:47.093 It was just father, son, son, son, son, son, son, that was it. 00:03:47.460 --> 00:03:52.966 The only women who were in this structure, 00:03:53.099 --> 00:03:54.601 we will come back to that. 00:03:54.668 --> 00:03:57.537 Anyway, so we have got this Le family structure. 00:03:57.604 --> 00:04:00.140 In appeared during the Nara period, 00:04:00.206 --> 00:04:03.176 it is Chinese based patrilineal meaning that you go 00:04:03.276 --> 00:04:05.645 father son, father son, father son, 00:04:05.779 --> 00:04:10.417 and patrimonial means that you take your father’s name. 00:04:10.483 --> 00:04:13.019 For instance, back in the old days 00:04:13.086 --> 00:04:15.522 you could say that you are part of your mother’s family 00:04:15.522 --> 00:04:18.191 and so you would have your mother’s name, 00:04:18.558 --> 00:04:22.495 but now names go with the father. 00:04:22.862 --> 00:04:27.133 Then you also have a stable husband-wife relationship, 00:04:27.200 --> 00:04:30.203 marriage ceremonies are invented, 00:04:30.270 --> 00:04:33.406 and we have got patrilineal succession to political rank, 00:04:33.473 --> 00:04:35.809 which means that if your father 00:04:36.443 --> 00:04:40.880 was the prime minister you will have a very good chance 00:04:40.980 --> 00:04:42.816 of being prime minister. 00:04:42.916 --> 00:04:44.684 Then yet again, 00:04:44.718 --> 00:04:49.022 there is the disappearance of the public role of women especially wives. 00:04:49.189 --> 00:04:51.725 Post ninth century, 00:04:51.791 --> 00:04:55.962 historical records do not have women’s names except for two cases, 00:04:56.062 --> 00:04:59.566 one, empresses with male children. 00:04:59.866 --> 00:05:02.602 If you are unlucky enough to only have female children, 00:05:02.702 --> 00:05:04.537 you did not get written down, 00:05:04.637 --> 00:05:05.839 it does not matter. 00:05:05.972 --> 00:05:08.975 If you had male children, you got written down. 00:05:09.142 --> 00:05:14.714 The other women who were working in the palace got written down 00:05:14.814 --> 00:05:16.983 because they were actually performing a job, 00:05:17.083 --> 00:05:19.719 but those are the only women’s names 00:05:19.819 --> 00:05:22.288 that we have from the Heian period. 00:05:22.589 --> 00:05:24.224 So for example, 00:05:24.290 --> 00:05:27.293 the person that we refer to is Murasaki Shikibu, 00:05:27.527 --> 00:05:29.329 it is not her name. 00:05:29.462 --> 00:05:32.899 Murasaki is a plant, 00:05:33.800 --> 00:05:38.605 Shikibu is an office inside the palace. 00:05:38.672 --> 00:05:44.678 Her father worked in this office and so she was called Shikibu. 00:05:44.944 --> 00:05:51.618 It is kind of like my dad works for Pfizer so I am Pfizirina 00:05:51.751 --> 00:05:54.254 or something. Someone calls me little Pfizer 00:05:54.354 --> 00:05:56.623 because my dad works for that company. 00:05:57.023 --> 00:06:01.161 Murasaki like I said is a plant. 00:06:01.294 --> 00:06:03.329 It is a very cute little purple plant 00:06:03.463 --> 00:06:08.034 and it is one of the nicknames for one of the characters inside the book 00:06:08.201 --> 00:06:12.572 and all the women inside the ‘Tale of Genji’, 00:06:12.706 --> 00:06:15.508 all of them are fake names, 00:06:15.608 --> 00:06:19.913 not fake they are just not real names. They are epithets. 00:06:20.013 --> 00:06:22.382 They are nice ways to refer to them. 00:06:22.515 --> 00:06:27.287 Where they are living for example the east wing or, 00:06:27.454 --> 00:06:30.457 you know, there are flower or plants or 00:06:30.590 --> 00:06:32.959 anything else but they are not actually names. 00:06:33.059 --> 00:06:35.729 The only names we have are for empresses. 00:06:35.862 --> 00:06:38.698 Now Heian marriage living situations. 00:06:38.798 --> 00:06:43.536 Where we are living has solidified a lot since the Nara period. 00:06:43.636 --> 00:06:46.106 You still have a variety 00:06:46.206 --> 00:06:50.543 and there is the living in a new place, neolocal. 00:06:50.643 --> 00:06:52.712 There is uxorilocal, 00:06:52.812 --> 00:06:54.381 living with your wife’s family 00:06:54.481 --> 00:06:57.283 and virilocal, living with your husband’s family. 00:06:57.484 --> 00:07:00.653 And, how do we chose this? 00:07:00.687 --> 00:07:02.622 How do we chose where to live, 00:07:02.756 --> 00:07:06.059 is based on the strength of the couple’s relationship. 00:07:06.159 --> 00:07:11.297 Basically, is this a first wife, a second wife, a third wife. 00:07:11.398 --> 00:07:14.367 If it is a first wife, then they will probably live together. 00:07:14.534 --> 00:07:17.070 If it is a second wife or a third wife, probably 00:07:17.303 --> 00:07:21.007 she will maintain her location and he will visit her. 00:07:21.741 --> 00:07:24.878 Now the position of primary wife. 00:07:25.412 --> 00:07:28.415 How do you get to be primary wife? 00:07:28.548 --> 00:07:29.482 Number one, 00:07:29.616 --> 00:07:32.619 parental consent on both sides. 00:07:32.686 --> 00:07:34.187 Number two, 00:07:34.287 --> 00:07:37.123 a publicly celebrated marriage ceremony. 00:07:37.257 --> 00:07:39.526 Number three, children; 00:07:39.693 --> 00:07:43.763 especially male children and more than any other wives. 00:07:43.930 --> 00:07:46.066 If you only have girls, 00:07:46.166 --> 00:07:48.068 your chances are not good. 00:07:48.168 --> 00:07:50.403 If you only have one son, 00:07:50.503 --> 00:07:53.506 your chances are also very slim. 00:07:53.707 --> 00:08:00.013 Finally, male children will receive promotions based on their father’s rank 00:08:00.113 --> 00:08:02.816 and female children will be married, 00:08:02.849 --> 00:08:04.317 or may be sent to court. 00:08:04.417 --> 00:08:06.186 Maybe they will get to be empress, 00:08:06.286 --> 00:08:08.321 maybe we will know their name! 00:08:08.388 --> 00:08:11.391 So what is a Heian marriage ceremony? 00:08:11.458 --> 00:08:15.195 We all know American white wedding dress, blah, blah, blah! 00:08:15.395 --> 00:08:17.163 How do we do this? 00:08:17.330 --> 00:08:22.769 The man signals his interest with a public poetic courtship. 00:08:22.902 --> 00:08:24.971 Meaning he sends her poetry, 00:08:25.071 --> 00:08:29.275 but it can’t just be a secret note passed in class. 00:08:29.409 --> 00:08:31.244 It has to be public. 00:08:31.478 --> 00:08:34.481 It has to be given to her family. 00:08:34.581 --> 00:08:37.584 It has to be read by all her family 00:08:37.717 --> 00:08:41.388 and her family has to encourage her to write back to him. 00:08:41.488 --> 00:08:44.024 There are no secret love affairs. 00:08:44.157 --> 00:08:48.194 A date would be set for the wedding 00:08:48.294 --> 00:08:51.031 according to numerology, astrology, etc. 00:08:51.031 --> 00:08:54.300 and the man would visit for three nights in a row. 00:08:54.501 --> 00:08:57.504 If you only visit for one night, no go. 00:08:57.837 --> 00:09:01.074 Two nights, still not good enough, three nights. 00:09:01.207 --> 00:09:03.309 On the third night, 00:09:03.476 --> 00:09:08.148 the man comes and the wife’s family publicly acknowledges him. 00:09:08.281 --> 00:09:10.450 They have a big party and 00:09:10.517 --> 00:09:13.687 he gets to spend the night and stay till morning. 00:09:13.953 --> 00:09:15.989 The first night and the second night, 00:09:16.089 --> 00:09:17.657 he has to leave before dawn. 00:09:17.724 --> 00:09:21.828 He has to sneak in and leave before it gets light. 00:09:21.895 --> 00:09:23.863 But on the third night, 00:09:23.863 --> 00:09:26.066 he is publicly acknowledged, 00:09:26.166 --> 00:09:29.102 he is allowed to stay as long as he likes and 00:09:29.202 --> 00:09:31.671 he finally gets to see his wife in the daylight 00:09:31.805 --> 00:09:33.673 and see if she is pretty. 00:09:34.174 --> 00:09:36.042 So here we go, 00:09:36.142 --> 00:09:37.944 that is the background 00:09:37.944 --> 00:09:40.180 which probably a lot of you already know, 00:09:40.180 --> 00:09:43.917 especially if you are coming from a Japanese schooling system, 00:09:44.017 --> 00:09:47.487 but it is good that we all know where we are coming from. 00:09:47.554 --> 00:09:51.191 Now jumping into what is the ‘Tale of Genji’. 00:09:51.591 --> 00:09:54.694 As I mentioned the author is Murasaki Shikibu. 00:09:54.794 --> 00:09:57.831 She was a lady-in-waiting to Empress Shoshi. 00:09:57.997 --> 00:09:59.733 Here we go, a woman. 00:09:59.833 --> 00:10:02.502 This is really her name, Shoshi, 00:10:02.502 --> 00:10:05.772 also pronounced another way, but anyway. 00:10:05.872 --> 00:10:08.174 She was the wife of Emperor Ichijo 00:10:08.274 --> 00:10:12.112 and she had a son who became emperor, 00:10:12.312 --> 00:10:14.080 so we know her name. 00:10:14.080 --> 00:10:19.252 Date that it was written was approximately 1008 A.D. 00:10:19.319 --> 00:10:23.056 The legend says that Murasaki Shikibu 00:10:23.156 --> 00:10:25.225 went to Ishiyama Shrine 00:10:25.392 --> 00:10:29.596 which is out kind of in the hills outside of Kyoto 00:10:29.696 --> 00:10:31.865 and she began writing. 00:10:31.998 --> 00:10:34.634 The contents basically are in three parts. 00:10:34.634 --> 00:10:37.337 There is the first part that is all about of Genji. 00:10:37.337 --> 00:10:40.340 The ‘Tale of Genji’ is about a man named Genji, 00:10:40.440 --> 00:10:42.776 yet again his name is not actually Genji, 00:10:42.809 --> 00:10:44.978 his family’s name is Genji. 00:10:45.078 --> 00:10:48.081 We don’t know his name, but anyway. 00:10:48.148 --> 00:10:50.550 Genji’s youth and love affairs. 00:10:50.617 --> 00:10:53.353 Second part is Genji’s family success. 00:10:53.353 --> 00:10:56.156 He is married, has many, well, 00:10:56.956 --> 00:10:59.959 not many children but moving on. 00:11:00.460 --> 00:11:03.396 Third part, the love affairs of Genji’s descendents. 00:11:03.463 --> 00:11:05.565 In the third part, Genji is dead. 00:11:05.565 --> 00:11:09.502 So we are dealing with his supposed son and his grandson. 00:11:09.803 --> 00:11:12.806 Now what is the national treasure scroll. 00:11:12.972 --> 00:11:17.344 The scroll is an illustrated version of excerpts from the ‘Tale of Genji’. 00:11:17.444 --> 00:11:21.214 The ‘Tale of Genji’ is a massively long book. 00:11:21.214 --> 00:11:23.850 In English, it is about this thick. 00:11:24.017 --> 00:11:27.087 In Japanese it is still, 00:11:27.220 --> 00:11:30.223 for example if you look at the ___ version, 00:11:30.290 --> 00:11:33.293 the white collected version, it is six volumes 00:11:33.493 --> 00:11:38.531 of notes, text, and modern Japanese translation on the bottom. 00:11:38.665 --> 00:11:40.333 It is massive. 00:11:41.401 --> 00:11:49.909 So one part of the tale and one picture is all that we get in this. 00:11:50.010 --> 00:11:50.844 It is not the whole book, 00:11:50.944 --> 00:11:53.646 it is just one part and one picture. 00:11:54.147 --> 00:11:58.885 Probably The Scroll was produced in the 12th century. 00:11:58.985 --> 00:12:02.856 So not only are these images the oldest ones we have of Genji, 00:12:02.856 --> 00:12:04.124 but the text, 00:12:04.124 --> 00:12:09.262 the written manuscript is the oldest version of the ‘Tale of Genji’ anywhere. 00:12:09.996 --> 00:12:16.403 Currently, there are about 20 pictures and about 37 pieces of text. 00:12:16.636 --> 00:12:18.104 That is not a lot. 00:12:18.271 --> 00:12:20.774 The ‘Tale of Genji’ is a very long. 00:12:20.807 --> 00:12:25.445 We are not really sure why it was created but there are guesses. 00:12:25.545 --> 00:12:28.548 The guess is that it might have been started 00:12:28.615 --> 00:12:32.886 in 1119 for Empress Shoshi, a different, 00:12:33.019 --> 00:12:35.321 there was Soshi and Shoshi. 00:12:35.422 --> 00:12:38.425 She was becoming Emperor Toba’s wife 00:12:38.792 --> 00:12:42.228 and this may have been something that was part of her, 00:12:42.696 --> 00:12:44.964 kind of like wedding gifts. 00:12:45.165 --> 00:12:48.368 When she went into the palace she needed, 00:12:48.501 --> 00:12:50.103 you know furniture, 00:12:50.103 --> 00:12:52.372 she needed entertainment, 00:12:52.472 --> 00:12:56.209 and it was important to have entertainment because the emperor has many wives. 00:12:56.409 --> 00:12:58.678 So where he goes to visit 00:12:58.778 --> 00:13:00.847 is not just how pretty the girl is, 00:13:00.847 --> 00:13:04.050 but how intriguing her rooms are. 00:13:04.150 --> 00:13:07.253 You know, if you have got the new XBOX, 00:13:08.321 --> 00:13:10.690 he is going to be interested. 00:13:10.790 --> 00:13:12.659 She had the new XBOX. 00:13:12.659 --> 00:13:17.330 So it is possible that in the 13th Century, the daughter of Taira Kiyomori 00:13:17.864 --> 00:13:19.799 who was another emperor’s wife 00:13:19.899 --> 00:13:21.901 may have owned The Scroll as well, 00:13:21.901 --> 00:13:23.970 but it is all guesses. 00:13:24.070 --> 00:13:26.172 We really do not know where it came from, 00:13:26.306 --> 00:13:27.640 and after that 00:13:28.341 --> 00:13:32.078 we have this maybe The Scroll was written here, 00:13:32.178 --> 00:13:35.515 maybe this person owned it, and then nothing. 00:13:35.615 --> 00:13:37.484 We have no idea what happened to it. 00:13:37.517 --> 00:13:39.986 All we know is that most of it 00:13:39.986 --> 00:13:42.989 is in the Tokugawa Museum right here in Nagoya. 00:13:45.792 --> 00:13:49.896 The Nagoya Tokugawa museum owns 15 pictures. 00:13:49.896 --> 00:13:52.198 Remember before, I said there is only 20. 00:13:52.298 --> 00:13:56.936 So 75% of the pictures are here in Naogya. 00:13:57.070 --> 00:14:01.808 There is also a few other pictures in Tokyo, the Gotoh Museum. 00:14:01.975 --> 00:14:04.978 Tokyo National Art Museum has one picture 00:14:04.978 --> 00:14:08.114 and there is a few other fragments here and there, 00:14:08.114 --> 00:14:15.555 but the biggest question is how many parts of it are in private collections. 00:14:16.056 --> 00:14:18.425 No one will ever know. 00:14:18.625 --> 00:14:21.628 So what is the Tokugawa Museum, 00:14:21.728 --> 00:14:24.731 probably all of you already know. The Tokugawa Museum 00:14:24.898 --> 00:14:30.203 collection includes over 10,000 items passed down from the Tokugawa Daimyo family. 00:14:30.370 --> 00:14:33.707 The Tokugawa family has three parts. 00:14:33.840 --> 00:14:36.843 There is the Tokugawa family that was the Shogun 00:14:36.910 --> 00:14:40.847 and then there is another Tokugawa part of the family that is the Owari Tokugawa 00:14:40.880 --> 00:14:42.482 and they lived here in Nagoya 00:14:42.482 --> 00:14:47.821 and their stuff is the basis for the Tokugawa Museum. 00:14:47.887 --> 00:14:50.623 Their belongings have become a museum. 00:14:50.790 --> 00:14:54.294 Anyway, so let’s get into the tale. 00:14:54.361 --> 00:14:56.096 We know about the history, 00:14:56.162 --> 00:14:58.932 we know about, you know, what is the tale. 00:14:58.932 --> 00:15:03.203 Let’s actually look at some pictures and figure out what is happening. 00:15:03.269 --> 00:15:07.440 So here is a section from the tale, 00:15:07.507 --> 00:15:11.711 the pictures are almost entirely from the end of the book. 00:15:11.778 --> 00:15:14.347 There is only one picture 00:15:14.414 --> 00:15:16.683 from the first five chapters, 00:15:16.783 --> 00:15:18.118 not a lot. 00:15:18.151 --> 00:15:21.054 So what we are going to do is we are going to talk about the end. 00:15:21.054 --> 00:15:24.257 So here we are in the chapter called The Ivy. 00:15:24.557 --> 00:15:25.825 We have a picture. 00:15:25.892 --> 00:15:30.864 This is the Tyler version of the ‘Tale of Genji’ that matches this picture. 00:15:30.964 --> 00:15:33.633 His Highness was still better pleased 00:15:33.633 --> 00:15:36.269 when he saw his new lady by daylight. 00:15:36.336 --> 00:15:38.038 Her height was perfect. 00:15:38.104 --> 00:15:40.907 The length of her sidelocks and the set of her head 00:15:40.907 --> 00:15:43.910 struck him as exceptionally lovely. 00:15:43.943 --> 00:15:49.482 So does anybody have a guess who here is the prince? 00:15:54.921 --> 00:15:55.789 The right one. 00:15:55.922 --> 00:15:59.025 Yes, yes! This is the prince. 00:15:59.092 --> 00:16:03.930 Now we have got one, two, three, four, five, six women, 00:16:04.030 --> 00:16:05.598 which one is the wife? 00:16:06.599 --> 00:16:08.468 Probably this one, yes! 00:16:08.468 --> 00:16:10.870 But who are these women here? 00:16:11.137 --> 00:16:13.073 What are they doing in here? 00:16:13.173 --> 00:16:15.442 I mean this is, okay, 00:16:15.442 --> 00:16:18.311 this right here is a curtain, it is fabric. 00:16:18.311 --> 00:16:20.580 This right here is a standing screen. 00:16:20.647 --> 00:16:25.418 It is well, kind of paper, and so forth. 00:16:25.518 --> 00:16:28.121 This right here is fabric again. 00:16:28.121 --> 00:16:32.425 This is their bed and this is, you know, 00:16:32.425 --> 00:16:34.294 them having an intimate moment 00:16:34.294 --> 00:16:37.063 and these are the ladies-in-waiting. 00:16:40.467 --> 00:16:45.338 Privacy is a great deal different in those days to what it is now. 00:16:46.673 --> 00:16:48.742 What is happening here? 00:16:49.009 --> 00:16:51.244 Remember how I mentioned that 00:16:51.544 --> 00:16:54.647 when you get married at this time, 00:16:54.647 --> 00:16:56.249 there is three nights 00:16:56.349 --> 00:16:59.753 and on the third night he gets to come in, 00:16:59.753 --> 00:17:01.287 he has a lovely dinner, 00:17:01.287 --> 00:17:03.023 he talks with the family, 00:17:03.023 --> 00:17:04.924 they go to bed and then in the morning 00:17:04.924 --> 00:17:10.563 he actually gets to see his wife for the first time in daylight. 00:17:10.864 --> 00:17:13.566 This is that first moment. 00:17:13.633 --> 00:17:15.535 This is the third morning. 00:17:15.635 --> 00:17:19.439 Prince Niou has stayed over and he gets to see, 00:17:19.439 --> 00:17:21.541 her name is Roku no Kimi. 00:17:21.608 --> 00:17:24.310 Again it means sixth daughter, 00:17:24.377 --> 00:17:25.679 daughter number 6, 00:17:25.779 --> 00:17:27.514 not her real name. 00:17:27.580 --> 00:17:32.852 So he is finally getting to see Roku no Kimi’s face for the first time 00:17:32.919 --> 00:17:34.721 and he is very pleased. 00:17:34.788 --> 00:17:36.056 She is pretty 00:17:36.056 --> 00:17:38.291 and it goes on and it says 00:17:38.358 --> 00:17:42.062 she is actually capable, you know she is a good conversationalist. 00:17:44.030 --> 00:17:45.732 Now you can see a little bit better. 00:17:45.799 --> 00:17:48.301 These here are the Nyoubou. 00:17:49.269 --> 00:17:51.771 What do Nyoubou do? 00:17:52.305 --> 00:17:53.973 Does anybody know? 00:17:55.575 --> 00:17:58.578 Nyoubou in English is lady-in-waiting. 00:17:59.346 --> 00:18:05.418 If you have kind of got an idea of what they do if you just think of the English waiting. 00:18:07.220 --> 00:18:09.122 Have you ever heard of, 00:18:09.322 --> 00:18:11.091 when we talk about, 00:18:11.091 --> 00:18:13.893 at a restaurant there is a waitress 00:18:14.127 --> 00:18:18.331 that waits on your table that serves you. 00:18:18.331 --> 00:18:21.067 So these right here are ladies in waiting. 00:18:21.067 --> 00:18:23.169 They serve these people. 00:18:23.169 --> 00:18:28.908 The help them get dressed, they do bring them things, 00:18:29.009 --> 00:18:32.112 they bring them food, take away food, et cetera, et cetera. 00:18:32.112 --> 00:18:35.115 These are the kind of, they are not servants. 00:18:35.115 --> 00:18:37.617 They are definitely one rank above servants 00:18:37.684 --> 00:18:40.620 but they are not princesses. 00:18:40.620 --> 00:18:42.422 Right here, they are not princesses. 00:18:42.522 --> 00:18:43.289 Okay, 00:18:43.456 --> 00:18:47.293 so this is probably, the one before, 00:18:47.293 --> 00:18:49.429 this one right here is what the, 00:18:49.429 --> 00:18:51.131 this is what it looks like now. 00:18:51.164 --> 00:18:53.667 After 800 years, 00:18:53.667 --> 00:18:56.036 this is what the picture looks like now. 00:18:56.036 --> 00:18:58.438 It is fairly hard to tell. 00:18:58.505 --> 00:19:02.108 For instance, this right here was not originally this color, 00:19:02.175 --> 00:19:03.576 it was probably white. 00:19:03.643 --> 00:19:06.646 A lot of like, here there is a lot of paint missing. 00:19:06.646 --> 00:19:09.649 It is very hard to tell people’s faces, 00:19:10.050 --> 00:19:16.222 but the Tokugawa Museum did a great deal of research 00:19:16.322 --> 00:19:19.492 and they kind of made a reproduction 00:19:19.559 --> 00:19:24.297 of what they think based on, you know, testing of the chemicals. 00:19:24.297 --> 00:19:29.169 They did testing of the chemicals to find out what chemical compound was on each part of the paper. 00:19:29.169 --> 00:19:31.104 And, so based on the chemical compound, because 00:19:31.171 --> 00:19:33.873 remember we are not talking about an inkjet printer. 00:19:33.873 --> 00:19:39.112 We are talking about physically taking shells, rocks, 00:19:39.446 --> 00:19:45.118 other pieces of physical items and crushing them to make paint. 00:19:45.118 --> 00:19:49.122 So they were able to take little part, 00:19:49.789 --> 00:19:52.359 tiny samples, very tiny samples 00:19:52.359 --> 00:19:55.362 to find out what picture or what pigment 00:19:55.495 --> 00:19:57.664 was used in each of these places 00:19:57.731 --> 00:20:01.935 and they were able to recreate probably what it looked like when it was new. 00:20:02.035 --> 00:20:03.737 This is our guess. 00:20:04.104 --> 00:20:07.107 So this is a lovely 00:20:07.340 --> 00:20:08.742 they are married. 00:20:08.808 --> 00:20:10.877 He is happy, she is happy, 00:20:11.244 --> 00:20:13.279 but there is something wrong. 00:20:13.279 --> 00:20:18.118 Niou already has a wife and she is pregnant. 00:20:19.285 --> 00:20:21.621 So here is his other wife. 00:20:21.621 --> 00:20:24.557 She is not really the first wife, 00:20:24.557 --> 00:20:27.861 she just happens to be the previous wife. 00:20:27.927 --> 00:20:32.365 She was the first married but she is in a very bad situation. 00:20:33.500 --> 00:20:37.370 Compared to here, alright, sorry, 00:20:38.405 --> 00:20:41.274 right here you can see the opulence. 00:20:41.341 --> 00:20:46.980 This woman right here is his niece technically, 00:20:47.113 --> 00:20:50.216 but he is Genji’s grandson 00:20:50.216 --> 00:20:53.019 and she is Genji’s granddaughter 00:20:53.086 --> 00:20:58.291 but her father is exceptionally powerful. 00:20:58.425 --> 00:21:00.093 He is prime minister. 00:21:00.160 --> 00:21:03.096 He has all the money, power, 00:21:03.096 --> 00:21:05.031 prestige he could possibly want. 00:21:05.065 --> 00:21:07.500 This is his beloved favorite daughter. 00:21:07.600 --> 00:21:10.603 She has 40, remember he has 35, 00:21:10.770 --> 00:21:12.706 ladies-in-waiting. 00:21:13.506 --> 00:21:16.276 This is only a small handful of them here, 00:21:16.276 --> 00:21:20.480 but she has six pages like little girls who, 00:21:20.647 --> 00:21:22.515 you know, run around doing things. 00:21:22.515 --> 00:21:24.818 She has got these dozens 00:21:24.851 --> 00:21:29.923 of ladies-in-waiting and she has got tones of beautiful screens. 00:21:29.956 --> 00:21:32.559 All of these, you know her whole area, 00:21:32.559 --> 00:21:37.330 her rooms are anything that you could possibly want. 00:21:37.430 --> 00:21:39.866 They are completely intriguing 00:21:39.933 --> 00:21:43.336 to Prince Niou and he wants to come visit again. 00:21:43.470 --> 00:21:46.639 Comparatively, you have got this lady here. 00:21:46.706 --> 00:21:48.842 Her name is Naka no Kimi. 00:21:48.908 --> 00:21:51.778 She is an orphan. 00:21:51.845 --> 00:21:55.048 Her father was a prince but he has passed away. 00:21:55.081 --> 00:21:58.585 Her mother was a princess but she has passed away too. 00:21:59.519 --> 00:22:03.757 Like, I said, her father was a prince so technically she is a princess, 00:22:03.823 --> 00:22:07.527 but she has no living relatives. 00:22:07.594 --> 00:22:09.195 She has no power, 00:22:09.195 --> 00:22:13.166 she has no one to be powerful on her behalf. 00:22:13.166 --> 00:22:15.235 For instance, the previous girl, 00:22:15.235 --> 00:22:17.270 her father is very powerful. 00:22:17.270 --> 00:22:21.241 So Prince Niou cannot do anything upsetting to her 00:22:21.307 --> 00:22:24.144 because of how powerful her father is. 00:22:24.244 --> 00:22:26.112 But this lady right here, 00:22:26.112 --> 00:22:28.448 she does not have a powerful father, 00:22:28.448 --> 00:22:29.849 her father has passed, 00:22:29.883 --> 00:22:35.155 and so she does not have any power in this relationship. 00:22:36.022 --> 00:22:38.825 Prince Niou and she, they are pregnant, 00:22:38.892 --> 00:22:43.963 they are expecting a child and she actually lives with him, 00:22:44.264 --> 00:22:48.468 because she was born way outside of Kyoto, 00:22:48.468 --> 00:22:52.806 in Uji and after her father passes, 00:22:53.039 --> 00:22:57.010 Prince Niou marries her and brings her to Kyoto. 00:22:57.143 --> 00:22:59.312 She does not have a house in Kyoto. 00:22:59.312 --> 00:23:02.082 She does not have a house, 00:23:02.148 --> 00:23:04.184 she does not have ladies-in-waiting. 00:23:04.250 --> 00:23:09.856 She has maybe a few lovely items that were left from her parents, 00:23:09.956 --> 00:23:11.791 you know a couple of books, 00:23:11.858 --> 00:23:15.295 pretty things but she has no real power. 00:23:15.362 --> 00:23:18.098 She is in a very, very difficult situation. 00:23:18.164 --> 00:23:19.566 So even though, 00:23:19.666 --> 00:23:22.435 probably she is very hurt inside 00:23:22.435 --> 00:23:26.406 that he has married a new lovely young woman 00:23:26.439 --> 00:23:29.642 who has all of the power and prestige in the world, 00:23:30.643 --> 00:23:32.245 she cannot say anything 00:23:32.379 --> 00:23:36.549 because she is completely dependent upon Prince Niou 00:23:36.549 --> 00:23:38.985 for her material wellbeing. 00:23:39.052 --> 00:23:42.622 She eats at his house, she lives in his house, 00:23:42.689 --> 00:23:45.258 she cannot do anything to upset him. 00:23:48.294 --> 00:23:49.596 One think you will note, 00:23:49.662 --> 00:23:53.967 it is very hard to tell the difference between these women. 00:23:57.270 --> 00:23:59.439 Even in the reproduction 00:23:59.439 --> 00:24:02.042 it is very, very, very, very, very hard 00:24:02.042 --> 00:24:04.544 to tell the difference between this woman and the other woman, 00:24:04.611 --> 00:24:06.212 any of the them, they all look the same. 00:24:06.946 --> 00:24:10.350 So how is it that we can tell the sixth princess, 00:24:10.417 --> 00:24:11.584 this is the, 00:24:12.085 --> 00:24:13.720 you have to take my word for it, 00:24:13.720 --> 00:24:16.856 but this is the woman who has the powerful father 00:24:16.856 --> 00:24:18.591 and this is the orphan. 00:24:19.826 --> 00:24:21.861 How can we tell them apart? 00:24:22.395 --> 00:24:24.431 Are there any guesses? 00:24:30.470 --> 00:24:32.405 What if I go back? 00:24:36.943 --> 00:24:39.713 What about, 00:24:39.813 --> 00:24:43.883 if you can’t get any clues from their face about who is who 00:24:43.983 --> 00:24:47.454 or even not much about what emotion they are feeling, 00:24:47.687 --> 00:24:51.091 what from this can you tell 00:24:51.091 --> 00:24:54.461 about the emotions of the people in the picture? 00:24:59.733 --> 00:25:01.267 About the color. 00:25:01.334 --> 00:25:01.901 Yes. 00:25:01.935 --> 00:25:02.969 The color schemes 00:25:02.969 --> 00:25:04.738 Color schemes? Yes! 00:25:04.738 --> 00:25:08.475 I mean at the very beginning you noticed that the humans 00:25:08.541 --> 00:25:10.377 and the human area 00:25:10.443 --> 00:25:15.181 inside the house is not even like a third of the picture. 00:25:15.715 --> 00:25:20.420 You know the humans are just over here compared to that other picture 00:25:20.453 --> 00:25:22.589 the humans took up the whole picture. 00:25:22.589 --> 00:25:25.325 There was very little space that was not humans 00:25:25.392 --> 00:25:30.163 but this is just them and then there is this void here, 00:25:31.564 --> 00:25:32.465 right? 00:25:32.632 --> 00:25:36.403 So kind of a sense of emptiness perhaps 00:25:36.403 --> 00:25:39.406 in the picture, but also within her, 00:25:39.539 --> 00:25:43.610 but then over here we have got this bush. 00:25:43.610 --> 00:25:46.379 They are autumn grasses. 00:25:46.479 --> 00:25:49.616 When you look at these what do you feel 00:25:49.616 --> 00:25:52.619 about these plants here? 00:25:53.219 --> 00:25:53.787 Yes, 00:25:53.787 --> 00:25:54.654 New hope. 00:25:54.954 --> 00:25:55.822 New hope. 00:25:55.922 --> 00:25:58.692 Yes she is pregnant, she is pregnant, 00:25:58.792 --> 00:26:05.298 but I guess can you tell which part of the plant is which? 00:26:05.365 --> 00:26:08.168 Like could you go from the bottom of the plant 00:26:08.168 --> 00:26:11.905 to the tip of the plant and know which one, 00:26:11.971 --> 00:26:13.006 could you follow it? 00:26:13.340 --> 00:26:17.310 It is kind of hard to go from the bottom to the top 00:26:17.410 --> 00:26:19.779 because they are all messy, 00:26:19.979 --> 00:26:20.714 right? 00:26:21.715 --> 00:26:22.682 That… 00:26:22.749 --> 00:26:27.220 It says nobody cared them, well that sign! 00:26:27.554 --> 00:26:28.254 Right! 00:26:28.421 --> 00:26:31.424 So no one is really taking care of these plants. 00:26:31.524 --> 00:26:34.527 They are messy, they are confused, 00:26:34.794 --> 00:26:37.263 you know they are kind of in a tangle. 00:26:37.464 --> 00:26:40.000 So this right here is kind of a metaphor 00:26:40.000 --> 00:26:42.669 that all of this huge empty space 00:26:42.669 --> 00:26:46.906 and this plant is kind of a metaphor for her feelings here, 00:26:47.140 --> 00:26:54.014 because at this time the style of the painting does not give us much from her face. 00:26:54.814 --> 00:26:55.515 So yes, 00:26:56.416 --> 00:27:00.186 this right here is how we can tell them apart. 00:27:00.787 --> 00:27:03.590 Now the story moves on. 00:27:03.990 --> 00:27:09.396 Naka no Kimi had an older sister who has passed. 00:27:09.396 --> 00:27:12.198 So she really is alone in the world. 00:27:12.265 --> 00:27:14.000 She had a father, she had a mother, 00:27:14.000 --> 00:27:17.237 she had an older sister but they have all passed away. 00:27:17.404 --> 00:27:23.443 Now all of a sudden a new younger sister has appeared. 00:27:24.277 --> 00:27:28.915 She was never acknowledged by their father. 00:27:28.915 --> 00:27:31.918 Their father is the same, different mothers, same father. 00:27:31.918 --> 00:27:36.289 Their father never acknowledged the younger daughter. 00:27:36.556 --> 00:27:39.125 So she has grown up 00:27:39.759 --> 00:27:43.163 without any connection to her sisters 00:27:43.229 --> 00:27:46.266 and she has just suddenly appeared 00:27:46.299 --> 00:27:49.269 and she is in a pretty bad situation. 00:27:49.402 --> 00:27:54.107 Her mother tried to marry her to a sort of well-off man 00:27:54.407 --> 00:27:56.943 and he found out that she was, 00:27:56.976 --> 00:28:01.815 you know, not really a powerful person. 00:28:01.815 --> 00:28:03.316 She wasn’t really a part of the family, 00:28:03.350 --> 00:28:05.652 she was a stepdaughter, not a real daughter, 00:28:05.685 --> 00:28:06.886 things fell apart. 00:28:06.986 --> 00:28:11.991 So she is in a bad situation and she has gone to live with her half-sister 00:28:12.225 --> 00:28:16.763 and tried to escape the troubles of her life. 00:28:16.863 --> 00:28:19.366 That is Ukifune right here. 00:28:19.532 --> 00:28:21.368 That is the younger sister 00:28:21.368 --> 00:28:24.037 and this right here is the older sister. 00:28:24.170 --> 00:28:29.943 So Her Highness, the older sister, talked to her, Ukifune, very kindly 00:28:30.076 --> 00:28:33.546 “Please do not feel as though you are a stranger here.” 00:28:33.713 --> 00:28:36.716 She said “I have so little forgotten my sister, 00:28:36.783 --> 00:28:41.287 but it is a great comfort to see you who looks so like her.” 00:28:41.287 --> 00:28:45.558 So Naka no Kimi here is telling Ukifune, 00:28:45.725 --> 00:28:47.761 I don’t want you to feel like a stranger, 00:28:47.761 --> 00:28:49.796 even though we have only just met, 00:28:49.929 --> 00:28:53.833 we are sisters and you look so much like our older sister. 00:28:53.833 --> 00:28:56.803 The family resemblance is very strong. 00:28:58.805 --> 00:29:00.206 On the level, 00:29:00.206 --> 00:29:03.443 this seems like a very touching moment between two sisters, 00:29:03.643 --> 00:29:07.347 however, Prince Niou is at it again. 00:29:08.448 --> 00:29:11.451 The day before this picture 00:29:11.618 --> 00:29:13.853 Ukifune was in her room 00:29:13.853 --> 00:29:16.456 and Prince Niou came upon her. 00:29:16.556 --> 00:29:18.892 Who is this new woman in my house? 00:29:18.992 --> 00:29:20.927 What is she doing here? 00:29:20.927 --> 00:29:25.331 And he may have stayed with her for a while 00:29:25.398 --> 00:29:28.168 and something may have happened, we are not sure. 00:29:28.301 --> 00:29:31.137 But Naka no Kimi, Princess Naka, 00:29:31.271 --> 00:29:33.640 she finds out about it 00:29:33.873 --> 00:29:36.876 and of course she is very conflicted. 00:29:37.143 --> 00:29:39.879 She wants to protect her sister, of course. 00:29:39.979 --> 00:29:42.115 She also would be very happy 00:29:42.115 --> 00:29:46.853 if her husband would not start a relationship with her sister 00:29:46.853 --> 00:29:52.058 and at the same time, she is very conflicted. 00:29:52.158 --> 00:29:55.161 She still has to deal with the other new woman. 00:29:55.228 --> 00:29:57.664 This is all happening at the same time, 00:29:57.797 --> 00:30:00.900 and so what they are trying to do 00:30:01.101 --> 00:30:06.373 is they are trying to have a calm restful afternoon at home. 00:30:06.406 --> 00:30:08.375 She has washed her hair. 00:30:08.508 --> 00:30:11.511 This lady-in-waiting right here is combing her hair. 00:30:11.644 --> 00:30:14.047 This lady-in-waiting right here 00:30:14.047 --> 00:30:16.683 is reading aloud from tales 00:30:16.683 --> 00:30:18.485 like the ‘Tale of Genji’. 00:30:18.585 --> 00:30:21.054 Right here, she is reading a story 00:30:21.054 --> 00:30:25.792 and it is very hard to see but these right here are supposed to be pictures 00:30:25.892 --> 00:30:27.360 from the story. 00:30:27.494 --> 00:30:32.232 So the scroll that, this scroll is from, 00:30:32.332 --> 00:30:36.603 its kind of a scroll within the scroll, a story within a story. 00:30:36.670 --> 00:30:42.542 This setup is actually kind of different because this picture scroll, 00:30:42.709 --> 00:30:43.977 it is all one scroll. 00:30:44.077 --> 00:30:47.080 It goes text - picture, text - picture, 00:30:47.313 --> 00:30:49.115 and so you can’t really separate them. 00:30:49.115 --> 00:30:52.619 You can’t have one person looking at the text and one person looking at the picture. 00:30:52.619 --> 00:30:54.854 But that is how this right here is set up. 00:30:54.854 --> 00:30:57.857 So possibly it was like this in the past. 00:30:59.359 --> 00:31:05.999 So Ukifune who had been assaulted the previous day by Prince Niou is reading tales, 00:31:06.900 --> 00:31:08.535 here is the pictures, 00:31:08.635 --> 00:31:10.937 while her sister looks at her. 00:31:10.937 --> 00:31:17.210 The tales, her life is like a fairytale right now, 00:31:17.210 --> 00:31:21.348 maybe not a good fairytale but her life is like fiction right now. 00:31:21.348 --> 00:31:24.984 She, you know, thought she knew who she was. 00:31:25.185 --> 00:31:31.057 She suddenly finds out that her father was a prince but he never acknowledged her. 00:31:31.224 --> 00:31:33.960 She suddenly finds out she has a half-sister, 00:31:33.960 --> 00:31:36.329 she goes to live with her half-sister, 00:31:36.429 --> 00:31:40.000 then her half-sister’s husband tries to attack her. 00:31:40.166 --> 00:31:43.503 All of these things happening like something out of fiction 00:31:43.670 --> 00:31:46.973 and you have got poor Naka no Kimi here, pregnant, 00:31:47.040 --> 00:31:48.641 trying to deal with all of this, 00:31:48.641 --> 00:31:53.413 and you have got here these ladies-in-waiting. 00:31:54.781 --> 00:31:56.716 Compared to the first one 00:31:56.816 --> 00:32:00.353 where you have the couple on one side 00:32:00.487 --> 00:32:04.257 and the ladies-in-waiting on the other side, there, 00:32:04.257 --> 00:32:08.561 there was a good bit of privacy maybe not sound privacy but 00:32:08.561 --> 00:32:12.565 sight privacy between the ladies-in-waiting and the couple. 00:32:12.565 --> 00:32:17.003 But here there is actually no privacy between these people. 00:32:17.137 --> 00:32:21.875 Ukifune is looking straight at Naka no Kimi 00:32:21.975 --> 00:32:25.078 and the ladies-in-waiting are actually looking at them. 00:32:25.245 --> 00:32:33.386 So this is actually a fairly “in-your-face” interaction here. 00:32:33.586 --> 00:32:38.024 Usually most women do not see other women 00:32:38.158 --> 00:32:40.627 and they certainly do not see men. 00:32:40.627 --> 00:32:43.663 If I go back to the previous one. 00:32:43.830 --> 00:32:46.433 Sorry, no, no, not at you, 00:32:53.006 --> 00:32:55.842 this one here, I got it. 00:32:57.744 --> 00:32:59.646 This one here, 00:33:03.983 --> 00:33:05.218 right here, 00:33:06.419 --> 00:33:11.191 can you see there is a tiny kind of little curtain right here between them. 00:33:11.424 --> 00:33:14.427 There is actually a curtain between them. 00:33:14.494 --> 00:33:19.699 She is sitting here with her arm on this armrest and he has kind of come out the window, 00:33:19.799 --> 00:33:21.801 but there is a curtain between them. 00:33:21.801 --> 00:33:25.972 Even though they are man and wife, they still have a curtain between them. 00:33:25.972 --> 00:33:28.708 They kind of like are peeking around the curtain, but 00:33:28.708 --> 00:33:34.147 even man and wife would keep some distance between them. 00:33:35.315 --> 00:33:36.082 But 00:33:36.950 --> 00:33:39.419 in the women situation 00:33:39.452 --> 00:33:42.822 it is just all the sisters and the ladies-in-waiting. 00:33:42.956 --> 00:33:45.959 They are totally in altogether, looking at each other. 00:33:46.159 --> 00:33:52.399 It is a very physically and emotionally baring moment for Ukifune. 00:33:52.399 --> 00:33:55.001 She is kind of on display. 00:33:55.001 --> 00:33:57.837 She has got Naka no Kimi looking at her, 00:33:57.837 --> 00:34:00.840 she has got the ladies-in-waiting also looking at her 00:34:01.007 --> 00:34:04.744 and even Naka no Kimi tries to explain to her “Look, 00:34:04.878 --> 00:34:10.650 you look like my older sister that is why the ladies-in-waiting are looking at you”. 00:34:11.518 --> 00:34:15.689 Of course that is not necessarily the whole story. 00:34:15.855 --> 00:34:18.425 The ladies-in-waiting all know 00:34:18.591 --> 00:34:23.763 that Prince Niou tried to have an affair with Ukifune 00:34:23.963 --> 00:34:28.568 and they all know that Naka no Kimi is going to have to do something about this. 00:34:30.103 --> 00:34:32.272 So internally, 00:34:32.272 --> 00:34:35.909 you saw the external what she says to Ukifune 00:34:36.142 --> 00:34:40.313 but then here internally these are Naka no Kimi’s thoughts. 00:34:40.714 --> 00:34:43.883 “What a dear face”, she thought. 00:34:43.883 --> 00:34:49.689 “How can she be so much like my older sister? She must take after our father.” 00:34:50.490 --> 00:34:51.658 The women 00:34:52.592 --> 00:34:58.798 who knew about the evening before went on whispering, commiserating about it. 00:34:58.998 --> 00:35:01.134 “I wonder what happened?” 00:35:01.134 --> 00:35:02.669 “She is awfully pretty. 00:35:02.669 --> 00:35:06.506 No good will come of this for her no matter how fond of her 00:35:06.506 --> 00:35:08.041 Her Highness is?” 00:35:08.141 --> 00:35:09.609 So here we are, 00:35:10.076 --> 00:35:13.780 Naka no Kimi, Ukifune sitting together, 00:35:14.080 --> 00:35:17.183 ladies-in-waiting reading a story ostensibly, 00:35:17.183 --> 00:35:21.554 but then these ones back over here are gossiping. 00:35:21.688 --> 00:35:23.490 They are saying, 00:35:23.490 --> 00:35:26.960 we know what happened yesterday between Ukifune and Prince Niou 00:35:27.060 --> 00:35:29.396 and we know that Naka no Kimi, 00:35:29.462 --> 00:35:33.299 no matter how much she likes her sister is going to have to send her away, 00:35:33.400 --> 00:35:35.135 to protect her marriage, 00:35:35.235 --> 00:35:38.338 and even Naka no Kimi inside, 00:35:38.471 --> 00:35:41.708 she is thinking, “Gosh! she looks so much like my older sister” 00:35:42.108 --> 00:35:44.844 and so she is very conflicted. 00:35:44.978 --> 00:35:47.480 But yet again, 00:35:48.114 --> 00:35:50.450 there is no screen, 00:35:50.450 --> 00:35:52.252 there is no door, 00:35:52.252 --> 00:35:55.789 there is nothing in between these people gossiping 00:35:55.855 --> 00:35:58.491 and these people they are gossiping about. 00:35:58.591 --> 00:36:00.160 This part here, 00:36:00.894 --> 00:36:02.462 they can hear it. 00:36:02.996 --> 00:36:05.365 These ladies-in-waiting gossiping, 00:36:05.365 --> 00:36:07.300 Ukifune can hear them talking, 00:36:07.300 --> 00:36:09.869 Naka no Kimi can hear them talking. 00:36:10.537 --> 00:36:16.509 So this situation is very messy 00:36:16.509 --> 00:36:21.081 but this kind of completes an arc within the ‘Tale of Genji’. 00:36:22.015 --> 00:36:26.286 The first arc you had Prince Niou and his new wife 00:36:26.653 --> 00:36:30.123 and then his previous wife, 00:36:30.256 --> 00:36:32.058 who is pregnant 00:36:32.058 --> 00:36:35.061 and then this situation between the sisters 00:36:35.228 --> 00:36:39.833 and it is all kind of revolving around their relationship with Prince Niou. 00:36:39.833 --> 00:36:43.737 How in one situation the tale can make it look 00:36:43.870 --> 00:36:48.708 so happy and in the next can make it look so bleak 00:36:48.875 --> 00:36:51.611 and in the next can make it look so intimate, 00:36:51.611 --> 00:36:54.280 and yet there underneath all of these 00:36:54.280 --> 00:36:57.283 there is kind of something within the picture 00:36:57.283 --> 00:37:00.420 that you have to kind of guess at. 00:37:00.687 --> 00:37:05.125 There is a slightly different interpretation even within the pictures. 00:37:05.392 --> 00:37:10.997 So, that is kind of my presentation for today. 00:37:10.997 --> 00:37:13.366 Do you have any questions? 00:37:15.769 --> 00:37:19.673 Thank you first of all. Thank you very much. 00:37:22.142 --> 00:37:24.811 Oh, yeah we have still lots of time for 00:37:24.811 --> 00:37:27.547 I am sorry I made it so much shorter. 00:37:27.747 --> 00:37:28.748 Oh! Its, 00:37:28.915 --> 00:37:33.553 I mean you talked a lot of details and interpretations. 00:37:33.553 --> 00:37:36.556 This is what scientists do, 00:37:36.556 --> 00:37:40.460 look at the intricate details of the pictures 00:37:40.527 --> 00:37:45.165 and stories or so and try to get out the underlying 00:37:45.365 --> 00:37:49.969 meaning or ideas of what the impressions. 00:37:50.103 --> 00:37:51.705 Yes, I think that was very interesting. 00:37:51.705 --> 00:37:56.142 but anyway questions are allowed in open, 00:37:56.142 --> 00:37:57.777 we have still lots of time. 00:37:57.777 --> 00:38:02.115 Most of you are Japanese, you must have some questions, 00:38:02.148 --> 00:38:04.417 or do you anything about or all about that? 00:38:04.417 --> 00:38:05.518 I don’t think so. 00:38:05.518 --> 00:38:08.822 Now here is an expert to answer your questions. 00:38:10.724 --> 00:38:14.094 Who here has read the ‘Tale of Genji’ in Japanese? 00:38:15.595 --> 00:38:18.264 A little bit even just Waka Murasaki 00:38:18.631 --> 00:38:22.969 “Izure no ontoki” just a little bit? Nobody? 00:38:23.169 --> 00:38:27.340 Even in high school or middle school, just a little bit? 00:38:29.142 --> 00:38:29.843 May be? No. 00:38:29.876 --> 00:38:30.777 Let me ask the other way. 00:38:30.777 --> 00:38:31.311 Yes. 00:38:31.311 --> 00:38:34.314 Who knows about the ‘Tale of Genji’ at all? 00:38:35.415 --> 00:38:36.883 I knew about it. 00:38:41.421 --> 00:38:45.725 Who has heard about it before, not only tonight? 00:38:46.026 --> 00:38:47.527 So few people? 00:38:47.827 --> 00:38:48.461 Gosh. 00:38:49.095 --> 00:38:50.964 That’s national treasure 00:38:50.964 --> 00:38:56.302 all of Japanese should know about it since the first day since school. No? 00:38:56.836 --> 00:38:59.005 I think perhaps, I should have. 00:38:59.039 --> 00:39:03.510 I think I made my assumption that most people would have already known 00:39:03.510 --> 00:39:05.612 about the ‘Tale of Genji’ 00:39:05.612 --> 00:39:08.281 and so I kind of skipped the basic knowledge. 00:39:08.281 --> 00:39:11.217 So I am sorry, does anyone have any question about 00:39:11.217 --> 00:39:13.219 what I skipped? 00:39:13.286 --> 00:39:17.590 The ‘Tale of Genji’ is a tale about a man name Genji. 00:39:18.358 --> 00:39:20.126 He is a prince. 00:39:20.460 --> 00:39:26.199 He was born to a very low-ranking consort. 00:39:26.633 --> 00:39:32.806 He does not get to be Crown Prince because his mother is not powerful enough. 00:39:33.006 --> 00:39:36.743 His brother gets to be Crown Prince and gets to be Emperor, 00:39:36.743 --> 00:39:40.313 because his mother is very powerful. 00:39:41.581 --> 00:39:49.289 So Genji goes along with his life, and he grows up, 00:39:49.656 --> 00:39:53.360 and he has affairs with women that he shouldn’t. 00:39:53.360 --> 00:39:55.061 He has a lot of affairs with women 00:39:55.061 --> 00:39:58.698 but he has one affair in particular that he should not have 00:39:58.698 --> 00:40:02.602 with a woman who is supposed to become an Empress. 00:40:02.602 --> 00:40:04.571 His brother’s wife actually. 00:40:04.971 --> 00:40:08.808 And when he has this affair with her, 00:40:09.142 --> 00:40:14.614 it causes very large damage to her reputation and actually, 00:40:14.614 --> 00:40:19.719 he has to leave the capital and go outside the capital. 00:40:19.819 --> 00:40:24.591 After he comes back it is kind of like everything is forgotten. 00:40:24.591 --> 00:40:27.761 His brother actually stops being Emperor 00:40:27.994 --> 00:40:32.399 and Genji’s secret son with his stepmother 00:40:32.799 --> 00:40:34.501 becomes emperor 00:40:34.501 --> 00:40:39.839 and then we have this kind of moment of Genji’s power. 00:40:39.839 --> 00:40:41.875 This is the second part of the book. 00:40:41.875 --> 00:40:44.511 Genji is Prime Minister. 00:40:44.611 --> 00:40:50.950 He has a son who is going to be Prime Minister some day. 00:40:50.950 --> 00:40:52.652 He has a daughter 00:40:52.752 --> 00:40:57.691 who he will have marry the next Crown Prince, 00:40:58.358 --> 00:41:01.361 not his son, sorry. 00:41:01.361 --> 00:41:03.763 Different Crown Prince. 00:41:03.963 --> 00:41:08.535 So his son, his illegitimate son, his secret son is Emperor 00:41:08.635 --> 00:41:13.873 and there is another prince that Genji is marrying his daughter to, 00:41:13.873 --> 00:41:16.276 who will eventually become Emperor. 00:41:16.276 --> 00:41:18.678 So now he has got one son, who is emperor 00:41:18.678 --> 00:41:21.514 and he has got a daughter who is going to be Empress. 00:41:21.514 --> 00:41:25.585 So he will one day get to be grandfather of an Emperor as well. 00:41:27.520 --> 00:41:28.888 Time goes on. 00:41:28.888 --> 00:41:36.363 Unfortunately, his most beloved wife passes away. 00:41:37.964 --> 00:41:40.667 He loses the will to live 00:41:40.767 --> 00:41:44.938 and the story moves on to his children 00:41:44.938 --> 00:41:49.242 and the part with. I am sorry I forgot to mention. 00:41:49.709 --> 00:41:51.544 Genji in the very end of his life 00:41:51.544 --> 00:41:56.750 when he is about 45, marries a 13-year-old 00:41:57.283 --> 00:42:00.854 daughter of his brother who was Emperor, 00:42:00.854 --> 00:42:03.623 who stopped being Emperor, his daughter. 00:42:03.623 --> 00:42:06.493 She is 13, he marries her. 00:42:06.526 --> 00:42:12.165 He realizes how what a mistake it all is immediately after marrying her. 00:42:12.165 --> 00:42:16.970 He realizes what a mistake it all is because even though she is a princess, 00:42:17.070 --> 00:42:20.073 she cannot compare to the woman he loves most. 00:42:20.073 --> 00:42:23.276 She is too childish, she is not interesting, 00:42:23.343 --> 00:42:26.079 she does not even look good in her clothes. 00:42:26.179 --> 00:42:30.750 Genji has no patience for her, but unfortunately 00:42:30.784 --> 00:42:36.890 another man really likes her and they have an affair and they have a child. 00:42:36.890 --> 00:42:39.392 The child is Kaoru. 00:42:39.759 --> 00:42:41.828 Kaoru means perfume 00:42:41.861 --> 00:42:46.633 and Niou also means a scent and these two, 00:42:46.666 --> 00:42:52.939 Prince Niou is Genji’s grandson and Kaoru is the supposed son, 00:42:53.106 --> 00:42:55.508 but not really son of Genji. 00:42:55.508 --> 00:42:58.511 They are about the same age and they grow up together 00:42:58.511 --> 00:43:03.016 and they are always competing and they go to Uji. 00:43:03.116 --> 00:43:07.921 And Kaoru, he thinks he wants to become a Buddhist Monk 00:43:08.021 --> 00:43:11.024 and he thinks he wants to be. 00:43:11.091 --> 00:43:14.094 So he meets this man, the eighth prince 00:43:14.260 --> 00:43:18.898 who is very learned, very, very holy man 00:43:19.065 --> 00:43:22.535 not yet a monk but a very learned man 00:43:22.602 --> 00:43:28.208 and he gets to know him and he meets Oigimi the older daughter, 00:43:28.208 --> 00:43:33.013 Naka no Kimi the middle daughter, and he wants to marry Oigimi, 00:43:33.013 --> 00:43:34.681 but she says no. 00:43:35.482 --> 00:43:41.321 And so he has Niou marry the younger sister in hopes 00:43:41.388 --> 00:43:48.328 that if her younger sister is married may be she will feel like getting married too. 00:43:48.928 --> 00:43:50.830 But it never happens. 00:43:50.830 --> 00:43:52.766 The older sister dies. 00:43:52.866 --> 00:43:55.368 Kaoru is left very unhappy. 00:43:55.435 --> 00:44:02.709 Naka no kimi also very unhappy because she goes to Kyoto to be with Prince Niou 00:44:02.709 --> 00:44:05.712 and he gets married to somebody else, 00:44:05.712 --> 00:44:10.750 so she has to share and then we have the introduction of Ukifune 00:44:10.884 --> 00:44:17.424 and that is the final kind of tension between the two friends, 00:44:17.424 --> 00:44:20.160 Niou and Kaoru is over Ukifune. 00:44:20.160 --> 00:44:24.698 Because as I mentioned she looks a great deal like her older sister, 00:44:24.698 --> 00:44:29.135 the one who is dead and Kaoru loved her best. 00:44:29.302 --> 00:44:31.905 So he, when he sees Ukifune 00:44:31.905 --> 00:44:34.841 thinks “She looks so much like the one that I loved, 00:44:34.841 --> 00:44:38.078 the one that died, I want to marry her”, 00:44:38.144 --> 00:44:41.681 but Niou happens upon her, 00:44:41.781 --> 00:44:44.984 has an affair with her and both of them want her, 00:44:44.984 --> 00:44:50.390 she cannot decide who she wants and it ends in confusion 00:44:51.324 --> 00:44:53.626 and that’s Genji in 5 mintues. 00:44:54.728 --> 00:44:58.865 I mean I have a second question, if I may or is there any urgent question 00:44:58.865 --> 00:45:01.301 but may be no, it’s well my question. 00:45:01.434 --> 00:45:04.471 What kind of story is that actually? 00:45:04.471 --> 00:45:11.911 Love story, drama, tragedy, historical accounts you know society, 00:45:12.212 --> 00:45:15.215 what is it? All of it or..? 00:45:15.782 --> 00:45:18.151 Well so far as we know, 00:45:18.551 --> 00:45:23.289 nothing in the ‘Tale of Genji’ is strictly nonfiction 00:45:23.890 --> 00:45:31.364 but it is kind of like when you watch a movie and at the very end it says the… 00:45:31.364 --> 00:45:34.934 ‘Based on real events or persons.’ 00:45:34.934 --> 00:45:36.736 Not even that when it is like 00:45:36.736 --> 00:45:45.311 any relationship or any appearance that looks like real people is totally an accident. 00:45:45.311 --> 00:45:47.981 This is not supposed to be about real life 00:45:47.981 --> 00:45:49.482 and you are looking at it and you are like 00:45:49.482 --> 00:45:52.318 “I think that is a little bit about real life” 00:45:52.318 --> 00:45:55.021 that is what it looks like, you know, 00:45:55.121 --> 00:45:56.956 that looks kind of familiar. 00:45:56.956 --> 00:46:02.762 But the Genji stories there are a lot of parts in them where we think 00:46:02.762 --> 00:46:07.967 well that person sounds kind of like that real person, 00:46:07.967 --> 00:46:09.803 but it is fiction. 00:46:09.803 --> 00:46:12.939 So Murasaki Shikibu could always say “No, no, no, I just made it up, 00:46:12.939 --> 00:46:15.375 I just made it up. I am not making fun of anybody. 00:46:15.375 --> 00:46:16.409 I just made it up”. 00:46:16.409 --> 00:46:20.080 But possibly some of it is based on real people. 00:46:22.716 --> 00:46:25.719 Was it really written by a woman? 00:46:26.519 --> 00:46:28.288 Yes. So far as we… 00:46:28.288 --> 00:46:31.725 Is that really known or additional question. 00:46:31.758 --> 00:46:33.760 Was it written just by one person? 00:46:33.760 --> 00:46:35.462 I mean many famous things 00:46:35.462 --> 00:46:39.866 are written by a whole bunch of people consecutively, you know, 00:46:39.866 --> 00:46:44.270 starting from the Bible to the most famous books to 00:46:44.304 --> 00:46:46.873 many, many other who are said that they are actually 00:46:46.873 --> 00:46:50.510 written by one person but they are supposed to be collection of 00:46:51.011 --> 00:46:55.348 people that wrote under pseudonyms or so. 00:46:55.348 --> 00:46:57.884 Is that here, could that be as well, 00:46:57.884 --> 00:47:00.020 because it sounds it is so diverse. 00:47:00.020 --> 00:47:00.754 I know. 00:47:00.754 --> 00:47:04.024 It is touching so many, well generations basically. 00:47:04.057 --> 00:47:05.458 It sounds kind of… 00:47:05.458 --> 00:47:07.927 It is a really large book 00:47:07.927 --> 00:47:12.832 and there is kind of two ways of thinking about it. 00:47:12.832 --> 00:47:14.734 First it is such a long book, 00:47:14.734 --> 00:47:17.837 it almost feels like there had to be more than one person 00:47:17.904 --> 00:47:20.707 and there is a lot of people who argued that actually 00:47:20.707 --> 00:47:25.078 the last 10 chapters were written by, maybe her daughter. 00:47:26.079 --> 00:47:33.486 But we know from other, I mean the ‘Tale of Genji’ was an instant hit. 00:47:33.586 --> 00:47:36.322 It was instantly popular. 00:47:36.322 --> 00:47:36.956 Best seller. 00:47:36.956 --> 00:47:38.091 It was a bestseller. 00:47:38.091 --> 00:47:43.363 Even like Murasaki Shikibu has a diary and you can read her diary now 00:47:43.363 --> 00:47:45.231 and in one of the part she says 00:47:45.231 --> 00:47:48.702 “Someone stole my manuscript for the last chapter. 00:47:48.702 --> 00:47:52.405 I was not done with it and now the typo written, 00:47:52.405 --> 00:47:55.108 one that I didn’t want anybody to see is out there, 00:47:55.108 --> 00:47:57.510 being read by people.” 00:47:57.610 --> 00:48:03.183 People were literally stealing her manuscripts as she was writing them. 00:48:03.249 --> 00:48:05.719 So it was a bestseller 00:48:05.719 --> 00:48:10.724 and you have to remember that in this time there was no printing press. 00:48:10.724 --> 00:48:13.560 If you wanted a copy, you had to write it for yourself, 00:48:13.560 --> 00:48:16.329 you had to borrow it from somebody 00:48:16.329 --> 00:48:19.499 and sit there, write it out, write it out, write it out, 00:48:19.499 --> 00:48:21.501 and then you had to give it back, right? 00:48:21.501 --> 00:48:24.237 So the only way you could have your own copy 00:48:24.237 --> 00:48:28.475 is if you or you paid someone to physically write it down for you. 00:48:28.641 --> 00:48:33.813 So that kind of makes it a lot harder to get your hands on one. 00:48:33.813 --> 00:48:37.250 You have to literally know somebody who owns it. 00:48:37.250 --> 00:48:41.654 But even just a 100 years after her death, 00:48:41.654 --> 00:48:45.992 there are people who are fanatics for the ‘Tale of Genji’. 00:48:47.127 --> 00:48:48.361 With other books, 00:48:48.361 --> 00:48:51.264 for example there is one called the Tale of Utsuho. 00:48:51.264 --> 00:48:58.071 That one was really popular but it is kind of like you can tell 00:48:58.138 --> 00:49:03.410 that it was written over many years because there is like some continuity errors 00:49:03.410 --> 00:49:06.813 like not a little bit of continuity, big continuity errors 00:49:06.813 --> 00:49:11.484 and you have got kind of like stylistic changes from part to part. 00:49:11.484 --> 00:49:17.557 And so even just like, kind of like the tone of things. 00:49:17.557 --> 00:49:23.363 Like the first part is kind of like a fantastical kind of ‘Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs’ 00:49:23.363 --> 00:49:26.099 and the other part is kind of ‘‘Tale of Genji’’ like, 00:49:26.099 --> 00:49:28.368 you know soap opera-esque. 00:49:28.435 --> 00:49:32.272 So you kind of get the feeling on that one that it was definitely two different people, 00:49:32.272 --> 00:49:34.641 because there is really change in tone 00:49:34.674 --> 00:49:38.378 and a change in kind of like way that it was written, 00:49:38.445 --> 00:49:45.452 but in the ‘Tale of Genji’, there is a more or less cohesive theme 00:49:45.485 --> 00:49:48.988 and a cohesive writing style that goes from the beginning to the end. 00:49:48.988 --> 00:49:52.425 So even though there are some small continuity errors, 00:49:52.425 --> 00:49:55.428 we are pretty sure that it was written by one person 00:49:55.462 --> 00:49:57.797 and we are pretty sure it was written by a woman 00:49:57.797 --> 00:50:05.271 because it was written in the situation that it was written in was very famous. 00:50:06.606 --> 00:50:09.509 The woman Murasaki was working for an Empress 00:50:09.509 --> 00:50:12.112 and the reason she was working for this Empress 00:50:12.112 --> 00:50:17.884 is because Murasaki Shikibu was basically writing the XBOX games. 00:50:17.951 --> 00:50:21.154 The Emperor, he has got the Empress right? 00:50:21.154 --> 00:50:25.158 There are many women, the Empress wants to have the best, 00:50:25.158 --> 00:50:30.964 most exciting, most interesting stuff to get the Emperor to come visit, 00:50:30.997 --> 00:50:32.732 to lure him in. 00:50:32.799 --> 00:50:37.103 And so, her father employed Murasaki Shikibu 00:50:37.137 --> 00:50:39.305 because she was smart, 00:50:39.305 --> 00:50:42.308 because she was entertaining, 00:50:42.308 --> 00:50:45.311 and she started writing this book, 00:50:45.378 --> 00:50:50.216 and obviously the Emperor just like everybody else wants to know what is going to happen. 00:50:50.216 --> 00:50:54.087 So the Emperor is coming to read the ‘Tale of Genji’. 00:50:54.087 --> 00:50:55.655 He is coming to visit. 00:50:55.655 --> 00:51:00.427 So Murasaki Shikibu has an incentive to keep writing. 00:51:01.094 --> 00:51:03.229 Her employer is saying 00:51:03.229 --> 00:51:06.399 “you better keep writing, the Emperor is coming”. 00:51:06.399 --> 00:51:07.667 To be continued. 00:51:07.667 --> 00:51:08.768 Yes! Exactly! 00:51:08.768 --> 00:51:13.673 And that is why the very end of the book really ends as a to be continued. 00:51:13.707 --> 00:51:18.511 There really is no ‘and then they got married and everything was wonderful’. 00:51:18.511 --> 00:51:22.615 There is no moment at which you are sure things are done. 00:51:22.649 --> 00:51:26.786 At the very end it is ‘someone is knocking at the gate’ 00:51:26.853 --> 00:51:31.057 you know something is about to happen and it cuts. 00:51:31.157 --> 00:51:32.792 It just goes black. 00:51:33.126 --> 00:51:34.027 Okay!